A software for estimating the length of a conveyable oxygen provide considers elements comparable to tank measurement, circulation price, and affected person exercise stage. For instance, a healthcare skilled may use such a software to find out how lengthy a affected person’s E cylinder will final at 2 liters per minute throughout ambulation.
Correct length estimations are essential for affected person security and care planning. They stop oxygen depletion throughout important actions and inform choices about tank refills or various oxygen sources. Traditionally, these calculations have been carried out manually, however digital instruments now provide elevated pace and accuracy, decreasing the danger of human error and enhancing affected person outcomes.
This text will discover the varied kinds of oxygen tanks, elements affecting length calculations, and the sensible purposes of those instruments in numerous healthcare settings.
1. Tank Measurement (Quantity)
Tank measurement is a main think about figuring out the length of oxygen provide. Correct quantity evaluation is essential for using an oxygen tank calculator successfully. Understanding the connection between tank measurement and length is important for protected and environment friendly oxygen remedy.
-
Cylinder Capability Designations
Oxygen tanks can be found in varied standardized sizes, usually designated by letters (e.g., D, E, H). Every letter corresponds to a selected inside quantity, impacting the entire quantity of oxygen saved. For instance, an E cylinder holds roughly 680 liters of oxygen, whereas an H cylinder holds round 6,900 liters. Correct identification of tank measurement is step one in any length calculation.
-
Impression on Length
Bigger tanks, naturally, present longer durations at a given circulation price. A bigger quantity straight interprets to a better reserve of oxygen. That is essential for sufferers requiring steady oxygen remedy over prolonged durations or these with increased circulation price necessities. The calculator makes use of tank measurement to find out the entire accessible oxygen and, subsequently, the estimated length.
-
Sensible Issues for Measurement Choice
Tank measurement choice is dependent upon affected person wants and mobility necessities. Smaller tanks are extra transportable, appropriate for ambulatory sufferers. Bigger tanks are higher fitted to stationary use or sufferers with increased oxygen calls for. Balancing portability and length is a key consideration in optimizing oxygen remedy.
-
Quantity and Strain Relationship
Whereas tank measurement determines the entire quantity, the strain studying signifies the remaining oxygen. A full tank may have the next strain studying. As oxygen is used, the strain decreases proportionally. Understanding this relationship permits for extra correct estimations of remaining length primarily based on present strain readings and tank quantity.
Correct tank measurement enter is paramount for dependable length calculations. This data, along side circulation price and different elements, permits healthcare suppliers to successfully handle oxygen remedy, making certain affected person security and optimizing useful resource allocation.
2. Movement price (LPM)
Movement price, measured in liters per minute (LPM), is a important parameter in figuring out the length of an oxygen tank. Correct circulation price evaluation is important for using an oxygen tank calculator successfully, straight impacting the accuracy of length estimations.
-
Impression on Length
The circulation price straight influences how lengthy an oxygen tank will final. Larger circulation charges deplete the tank extra rapidly, whereas decrease circulation charges lengthen the length. A transparent understanding of this relationship is prime for protected and environment friendly oxygen remedy administration.
-
Prescribed Movement Charges and Affected person Wants
Movement charges are prescribed by physicians primarily based on particular person affected person wants and respiratory circumstances. These prescriptions have to be precisely inputted into the calculator to make sure acceptable length estimations. Variations from the prescribed circulation price can considerably influence the accuracy of the calculations.
-
Calculator Performance and Movement Fee Enter
Oxygen tank calculators require circulation price as a key enter. The calculator makes use of this data, along side tank measurement, to estimate the length of the oxygen provide. Correct enter is essential for dependable outcomes.
-
Movement Fee Adjustment and Length Re-calculation
If the circulation price is adjusted throughout remedy, the length have to be recalculated. Modifications in circulation price straight influence the remaining length of the oxygen provide. Common monitoring and recalculation are essential to make sure affected person security and forestall oxygen depletion.
Correct circulation price enter, alongside tank measurement and different related elements, ensures the efficient utilization of an oxygen tank calculator. This enables healthcare professionals to offer uninterrupted oxygen remedy and make knowledgeable choices relating to tank refills or various oxygen sources. Understanding the dynamic relationship between circulation price and length is essential for protected and environment friendly affected person care.
3. Supply Technique
The oxygen supply technique considerably influences oxygen consumption and, consequently, the accuracy of length calculations carried out by an oxygen tank calculator. Completely different supply strategies, comparable to nasal cannula, easy masks, non-rebreather masks, and Venturi masks, ship various oxygen concentrations and circulation charges. A nasal cannula, sometimes delivering 1-6 LPM, presents decrease oxygen concentrations in comparison with a non-rebreather masks, which may ship a lot increased concentrations. This distinction in oxygen supply straight impacts the speed at which the oxygen tank depletes. For instance, a affected person receiving 2 LPM through nasal cannula will eat oxygen at a slower price than a affected person receiving 10 LPM through a non-rebreather masks, even with the identical tank measurement. Due to this fact, the supply technique have to be thought-about when inputting knowledge into an oxygen tank calculator.
Understanding the nuances of every supply technique is essential for correct length estimations. The effectivity of oxygen supply varies relying on the interface between the gadget and the affected person. A poorly fitted masks, as an illustration, can result in oxygen leakage, growing consumption and decreasing the precise length in comparison with the calculated worth. Conversely, a well-fitted nasal cannula delivering a exact circulation price will extra intently align with the calculator’s estimations. Sensible purposes embody adjusting the supply technique to optimize oxygen remedy primarily based on affected person wants and accessible sources. For a affected person requiring a decrease oxygen focus, switching from a non-rebreather masks to a nasal cannula may considerably lengthen the length of a tank, probably delaying the necessity for a substitute.
In abstract, integrating supply technique into oxygen tank calculations is important for correct length estimations and efficient oxygen remedy administration. Healthcare professionals should contemplate the precise supply technique, its effectivity, and the prescribed circulation price to make sure optimum affected person care. Overlooking this issue can result in inaccurate estimations, probably compromising affected person security and useful resource allocation. Correct calculations, contemplating the supply technique, contribute to knowledgeable choices relating to tank adjustments and changes to oxygen remedy regimens.
4. Affected person Exercise Stage
Affected person exercise stage considerably influences oxygen consumption and, subsequently, the accuracy of oxygen tank length calculations. Metabolic demand will increase with exertion; increased exercise ranges require extra oxygen to fulfill the physique’s elevated vitality wants. This heightened demand interprets to elevated oxygen circulation charges and sooner depletion of the oxygen tank. Conversely, in periods of relaxation or sleep, metabolic demand decreases, leading to decrease oxygen consumption and prolonged tank length. Oxygen tank calculators usually incorporate exercise stage as a variable, permitting for extra exact estimations primarily based on the affected person’s anticipated exertion. For instance, a affected person ambulating requires the next circulation price in comparison with a affected person at relaxation, considerably impacting the projected length of a given oxygen tank. Failing to account for exercise stage can result in inaccurate estimations and probably hazardous conditions the place the oxygen provide depletes prematurely.
Understanding the influence of exercise stage is essential for efficient oxygen remedy administration. Healthcare professionals should contemplate the affected person’s typical exercise ranges when utilizing an oxygen tank calculator. In a scientific setting, a affected person present process bodily remedy will eat oxygen extra quickly than a affected person resting in mattress. This distinction necessitates changes in oxygen circulation price and informs choices relating to tank adjustments or supplemental oxygen sources. For sufferers utilizing transportable oxygen programs at dwelling, exercise planning turns into paramount. Understanding how completely different actions influence oxygen consumption permits sufferers to anticipate their wants and guarantee ample oxygen provide for deliberate outings or train regimens. This proactive strategy enhances affected person security and independence. Think about a situation the place a affected person utilizing a conveyable oxygen concentrator plans a visit to the grocery retailer. Factoring within the elevated exercise stage related to strolling and buying, the affected person can regulate the gadget’s circulation price or carry an extra oxygen tank to make sure an uninterrupted provide.
In conclusion, incorporating affected person exercise stage into oxygen tank calculations is important for protected and efficient oxygen remedy. Correct estimations, primarily based on anticipated exertion, empower healthcare professionals and sufferers to handle oxygen sources effectively and forestall probably harmful provide interruptions. Integrating this parameter into scientific observe and affected person schooling enhances each security and high quality of life for people requiring supplemental oxygen.
5. Security Margins
Security margins play an important function in oxygen tank calculations, making certain a buffer in opposition to unexpected circumstances that might result in untimely oxygen depletion. These margins account for potential variations in oxygen consumption because of elements like elevated exertion, stress, or adjustments in respiratory standing. Calculations incorporating security margins present a extra conservative estimate of tank length, decreasing the danger of oxygen operating out unexpectedly. For instance, a calculated length of 4 hours is perhaps lowered to three.5 hours with a security margin, offering a important reserve. This buffer is especially vital for sufferers depending on supplemental oxygen, the place an interruption in provide might have severe well being penalties.
A number of elements affect the willpower of acceptable security margins. Affected person mobility and entry to backup oxygen provides are key issues. A extremely cellular affected person with restricted entry to refills requires a bigger security margin in comparison with a affected person in a hospital setting with available oxygen. The affected person’s underlying respiratory situation additionally performs a major function. Sufferers with unstable respiratory circumstances require bigger margins to account for potential fluctuations in oxygen demand. Moreover, environmental elements, comparable to altitude or temperature adjustments, can affect oxygen consumption and warrant changes to security margins. In sensible software, incorporating security margins provides an extra layer of safety to oxygen remedy administration. For sufferers utilizing transportable oxygen programs, the protection margin ensures an ample provide throughout journey or sudden delays. In healthcare settings, it permits medical professionals to anticipate and mitigate potential oxygen provide interruptions throughout procedures or affected person transfers.
Integrating security margins into oxygen tank calculations is paramount for affected person security and efficient useful resource administration. These margins present an important buffer in opposition to unexpected circumstances, making certain a steady oxygen provide. The suitable security margin have to be decided on a case-by-case foundation, contemplating particular person affected person wants, environmental elements, and entry to backup provides. Failure to include ample security margins can compromise affected person security and result in probably important conditions. An intensive understanding and software of security margin ideas are basic to accountable oxygen remedy administration.
6. Strain Readings
Strain readings are integral to oxygen tank calculations, offering essential real-time knowledge in regards to the remaining oxygen provide. Correct strain interpretation is important for figuring out the remaining length and making knowledgeable choices about tank substitute or refilling. Misinterpreting strain readings can result in inaccurate length estimations, probably jeopardizing affected person security.
-
Models of Measurement and Interpretation
Oxygen tank strain is usually measured in kilos per sq. inch (psi). This studying straight correlates with the quantity of oxygen remaining within the tank. A full tank will show its most rated strain, whereas an empty tank will register zero psi. Understanding this relationship is prime for using an oxygen tank calculator successfully.
-
Relationship Between Strain and Quantity
Whereas strain signifies the remaining oxygen, it is vital to tell apart it from quantity. A smaller tank at the next strain may include much less complete oxygen than a bigger tank at a decrease strain. Oxygen tank calculators contemplate each strain and tank measurement (quantity) to offer correct length estimations. For example, a D cylinder at 1000 psi holds much less oxygen than an H cylinder at 500 psi, regardless of the upper strain studying on the D cylinder.
-
Strain Readings and Length Calculations
Oxygen tank calculators make the most of the present strain studying, together with tank measurement and circulation price, to estimate the remaining length of oxygen provide. Correct strain enter is essential for dependable calculations. For instance, getting into an incorrect strain studying can result in a major overestimation or underestimation of the remaining time, probably impacting affected person care.
-
Monitoring Strain Modifications Over Time
Observing the speed of strain decline offers worthwhile insights into oxygen consumption patterns. A fast drop in strain signifies increased oxygen utilization. Common monitoring permits for changes to oxygen remedy regimens and well timed tank replacements, stopping interruptions in oxygen provide. For instance, a sudden enhance in oxygen demand is perhaps detected by a extra fast lower in tank strain, prompting investigation into the underlying trigger and potential changes to circulation price.
Correct strain readings are important for using an oxygen tank calculator successfully and making certain affected person security. Understanding the connection between strain, quantity, and length permits healthcare professionals to make knowledgeable choices about oxygen remedy administration, stopping probably important conditions. Common strain monitoring and correct knowledge entry into the calculator are basic elements of accountable oxygen remedy observe. Integrating strain readings with different related parameters, comparable to tank measurement, circulation price, and affected person exercise stage, offers a complete strategy to managing oxygen remedy successfully.
7. Length Estimation
Length estimation kinds the core operate of an oxygen tank calculator. The first function of such a calculator is to foretell how lengthy a given oxygen tank will final below particular circumstances. This prediction depends on a fancy interaction of things, together with tank measurement, strain, circulation price, and supply technique. Correct length estimation is important for making certain uninterrupted oxygen remedy and stopping probably life-threatening conditions arising from oxygen depletion. For example, a affected person counting on a conveyable oxygen tank throughout a flight wants a dependable length estimate to make sure ample oxygen provide all through the journey. An correct estimation, incorporating security margins, allows proactive planning and mitigates the danger of in-flight emergencies.
The accuracy of length estimation is dependent upon the precision of the enter knowledge and the sophistication of the calculator’s algorithm. Simplified calculators may solely contemplate tank measurement and circulation price, whereas extra superior instruments incorporate further elements comparable to affected person exercise stage and supply technique. The reliability of the estimation straight impacts scientific decision-making. In a hospital setting, correct length estimations inform choices relating to tank substitute schedules, optimizing useful resource allocation and making certain steady affected person care. In dwelling healthcare, correct estimations empower sufferers to handle their oxygen provide independently, enhancing their high quality of life and decreasing reliance on emergency companies. Think about a affected person discharged with a conveyable oxygen concentrator. Correct length estimations, contemplating their every day actions, allow them to plan outings and handle their oxygen wants successfully.
Correct length estimation, facilitated by dependable oxygen tank calculators, is paramount for affected person security and efficient oxygen remedy administration. The precision of those estimations hinges on correct knowledge enter and the calculator’s underlying algorithm. The sensible implications of dependable length estimation lengthen throughout numerous healthcare settings, from facilitating proactive planning for sufferers utilizing transportable oxygen to optimizing useful resource allocation in hospitals. The continued improvement of extra subtle calculators, incorporating a wider vary of variables, guarantees additional enhancements in estimation accuracy and affected person care.
8. Portability Issues
Portability is an important issue influencing oxygen remedy administration and straight impacts the sensible software of oxygen tank calculators. For sufferers requiring supplemental oxygen whereas sustaining mobility, the scale and weight of the oxygen tank grow to be paramount. Understanding the interaction between portability, tank length, and oxygen demand is important for making certain uninterrupted oxygen supply throughout ambulation and varied actions.
-
Tank Measurement and Weight
Smaller tanks, comparable to D and E cylinders, provide better portability because of their lowered measurement and weight. Nonetheless, their smaller quantity necessitates extra frequent replacements, particularly at increased circulation charges. Bigger tanks, like H cylinders, present an extended length however compromise portability. Oxygen tank calculators help in figuring out the optimum stability between tank measurement, length, and portability primarily based on particular person affected person wants and anticipated exercise ranges. For instance, a affected person steadily touring may prioritize smaller, lighter tanks regardless of the necessity for extra frequent refills, whereas a affected person primarily utilizing oxygen at dwelling may decide for a bigger, much less transportable tank with an extended length.
-
Transportable Oxygen Concentrators (POCs)
POCs provide enhanced portability by extracting oxygen from the encircling air, eliminating the necessity for cumbersome tanks. Whereas POCs present steady oxygen, their circulation price limitations and energy necessities have to be thought-about. Oxygen tank calculators will be tailored to estimate the battery lifetime of POCs below completely different circulation price settings, aiding in portability assessments. A affected person planning an extended journey, as an illustration, can make the most of a calculator to find out the required battery backups for his or her POC.
-
Impression on Exercise Stage and Way of life
Portability issues considerably affect affected person exercise ranges and total high quality of life. A light-weight, transportable oxygen system allows better freedom and participation in every day actions, whereas a cumbersome setup can prohibit mobility and social interplay. Oxygen tank calculators, by precisely estimating length for various tank sizes and circulation charges, empower sufferers to make knowledgeable choices about their oxygen supply system and keep an lively way of life. A affected person planning a hike, for instance, can make the most of a calculator to find out probably the most appropriate transportable oxygen answer for the length and depth of their exercise.
-
Conserving Oxygen and Extending Portability
Methods for conserving oxygen, comparable to utilizing pulse dose supply or adjusting circulation charges primarily based on exercise stage, straight influence portability. By optimizing oxygen utilization, sufferers can lengthen the length of transportable tanks or scale back the scale and weight of the required gear. Oxygen tank calculators can mannequin the influence of various conservation methods on tank length, helping sufferers and healthcare suppliers in making knowledgeable choices to maximise portability with out compromising oxygen provide. For instance, a affected person utilizing a conserving gadget might enter the units specified conservation ratio right into a specialised calculator to acquire a extra correct estimate of their transportable oxygen provide length.
Portability issues are inextricably linked to oxygen tank calculations. Balancing tank measurement, length, and weight is important for optimizing oxygen remedy for ambulatory sufferers. Oxygen tank calculators, by offering correct length estimations and incorporating variables like circulation price and affected person exercise, empower each sufferers and healthcare professionals to make knowledgeable choices that improve mobility and independence whereas making certain a steady oxygen provide.
9. Software in Varied Settings
The utility of oxygen tank calculators extends throughout numerous healthcare settings, adapting to the precise wants and challenges of every setting. From hospitals and long-term care amenities to dwelling healthcare and emergency medical companies, these instruments present important assist for protected and environment friendly oxygen remedy administration. The appliance varies primarily based on the setting’s sources, affected person acuity, and the everyday length of oxygen remedy. In a hospital’s intensive care unit, the place sufferers usually require excessive circulation charges and steady monitoring, oxygen tank calculators contribute to specific oxygen supply and well timed tank replacements, minimizing interruptions in important care. Conversely, in a house healthcare setting, these calculators empower sufferers to handle their oxygen provide independently, facilitating better autonomy and decreasing reliance on healthcare suppliers for routine tank adjustments. This adaptability underscores the sensible significance of those instruments in making certain uninterrupted oxygen remedy throughout a spectrum of care environments.
Actual-world examples illustrate the varied purposes of oxygen tank calculators. Paramedics responding to a respiratory emergency make the most of these instruments to estimate the remaining length of oxygen in transportable tanks, making certain ample provide throughout transport to the hospital. Respiratory therapists in a long-term care facility make use of calculators to find out acceptable tank sizes and circulation charges for residents, optimizing oxygen supply whereas minimizing waste. Residence healthcare nurses educate sufferers on utilizing calculators to handle their oxygen provide, fostering independence and proactive planning for actions exterior the house. These numerous purposes spotlight the adaptability and sensible worth of oxygen tank calculators in optimizing oxygen remedy throughout varied healthcare contexts. For example, a house healthcare affected person planning a visit can use a calculator to find out whether or not their present oxygen tank will suffice or if further provides are essential.
Oxygen tank calculators characterize an important software for managing oxygen remedy throughout a spread of healthcare settings. Their adaptable nature permits for integration into numerous care fashions, supporting each steady important care and long-term oxygen administration within the dwelling. The sensible significance lies within the skill to foretell and handle oxygen provide successfully, enhancing affected person security and optimizing useful resource allocation. Challenges stay, notably in making certain correct knowledge enter and accounting for particular person affected person variability. Nonetheless, ongoing developments in calculator expertise, incorporating elements like affected person exercise stage and supply technique, promise elevated precision and additional integration into numerous healthcare settings. Finally, the efficient software of oxygen tank calculators contributes to the overarching objective of offering protected, environment friendly, and patient-centered oxygen remedy throughout the healthcare continuum.
Ceaselessly Requested Questions
This part addresses frequent queries relating to oxygen tank length calculations.
Query 1: How does tank measurement have an effect on length?
Bigger tanks maintain extra oxygen, leading to longer durations at a given circulation price. Tank measurement is a main determinant of total length.
Query 2: What function does circulation price play in these calculations?
Movement price, measured in liters per minute (LPM), straight impacts length. Larger circulation charges deplete the tank extra rapidly. Correct circulation price enter is essential for dependable calculations.
Query 3: How do completely different oxygen supply strategies affect calculations?
Supply strategies, comparable to nasal cannula or masks, have an effect on oxygen consumption. Calculators usually incorporate supply technique to refine length estimates.
Query 4: Why are security margins vital in length estimations?
Security margins account for unexpected variations in oxygen consumption. They guarantee a reserve provide, stopping untimely depletion in important conditions. The scale of the margin is dependent upon elements like affected person mobility and situation.
Query 5: How do strain readings relate to the remaining length?
Tank strain, measured in psi, signifies the remaining oxygen. Nonetheless, the connection between strain and length is dependent upon the tank measurement. Calculators use each strain and measurement for correct estimations.
Query 6: What are the constraints of oxygen tank calculators?
Whereas calculators present worthwhile estimations, they aren’t absolute predictors. Unexpected adjustments in affected person situation or gear malfunction can influence precise length. Common monitoring of sufferers and oxygen gear stays important.
Correct knowledge enter and understanding the elements affecting oxygen consumption are essential for successfully using these calculators. These instruments support in planning and managing oxygen remedy, however shouldn’t change scientific judgment and affected person monitoring.
For additional data relating to oxygen security and finest practices, seek the advice of related healthcare pointers and sources.
Sensible Suggestions for Utilizing an Oxygen Tank Calculator
Efficient oxygen remedy administration hinges on correct length estimations. The next sensible ideas improve the utility of oxygen tank calculators, selling affected person security and environment friendly useful resource allocation.
Tip 1: Confirm Tank Measurement: Correct tank measurement enter is paramount. Affirm the tank’s designated letter (e.g., D, E, H) and guarantee it corresponds to the proper quantity within the calculator. Mistaking tank measurement can result in vital errors in length estimations.
Tip 2: Exact Movement Fee Enter: Enter the prescribed circulation price precisely, as even small discrepancies can have an effect on length calculations. Double-check the circulation price setting on the oxygen supply gadget.
Tip 3: Account for Supply Technique: Completely different supply strategies influence oxygen consumption. Issue within the particular technique used (e.g., nasal cannula, masks) for a extra correct estimation.
Tip 4: Think about Affected person Exercise: Exercise ranges considerably affect oxygen demand. Estimate the affected person’s anticipated exercise stage (e.g., relaxation, ambulation) to refine length calculations.
Tip 5: Incorporate Security Margins: Embrace a security margin to account for unexpected circumstances. The margin’s measurement ought to mirror affected person mobility, situation, and entry to backup oxygen.
Tip 6: Common Strain Checks: Monitor tank strain usually and replace the calculator accordingly. Strain readings present real-time details about the remaining oxygen provide.
Tip 7: Perceive the Limitations: Calculators present estimations, not ensures. Unexpected elements can affect precise length. Steady affected person monitoring and scientific judgment stay essential.
Tip 8: Seek the advice of Dependable Sources: Confer with producer pointers and respected healthcare sources for additional data on oxygen security and finest practices. Sustain-to-date with the most recent suggestions for oxygen remedy administration.
By integrating the following tips into observe, healthcare professionals and sufferers can make the most of oxygen tank calculators successfully, making certain a protected and dependable oxygen provide. Correct estimations empower proactive planning, decrease interruptions in oxygen remedy, and improve total affected person care.
These sensible issues pave the way in which for knowledgeable decision-making and contribute considerably to affected person well-being. The next concluding remarks summarize the important thing takeaways of this complete information.
Conclusion
Oxygen tank calculators present essential assist for protected and efficient oxygen remedy. Correct length estimations, derived from elements comparable to tank measurement, circulation price, supply technique, and affected person exercise stage, are important for stopping oxygen depletion and making certain uninterrupted supply. Understanding the interaction of those elements, coupled with the considered use of security margins, empowers healthcare professionals and sufferers to handle oxygen sources responsibly. Integrating strain readings into calculations offers real-time insights into remaining provide, additional enhancing administration methods. Whereas calculators provide invaluable estimations, they aren’t substitutes for vigilant affected person monitoring and sound scientific judgment. Portability issues, notably for ambulatory sufferers, necessitate cautious choice of oxygen supply programs primarily based on particular person wants and anticipated exercise ranges. The efficient software of those calculators extends throughout numerous healthcare settings, from hospitals and long-term care amenities to dwelling healthcare and emergency medical companies.
Oxygen tank calculators characterize a important software within the ongoing pursuit of protected and environment friendly oxygen remedy. Continued developments in calculator expertise, coupled with elevated consciousness and adherence to finest practices, promise additional enhancements in affected person care and outcomes. Correct oxygen supply, underpinned by exact calculations and diligent monitoring, stays paramount for sustaining affected person security and enhancing high quality of life for people requiring supplemental oxygen. The accountable and knowledgeable use of those instruments contributes considerably to the broader objective of delivering optimum respiratory care throughout the healthcare continuum.